In Grown ups assigned female at beginning, superior levels of testosterone may be a signal of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This affliction is quite common — up to fifteen% of individuals AFAB of reproductive age have it.
肾上腺髓质： 肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素 － 肾上腺皮质： 醛固酮、皮质醇、脱氢表雄酮
This boosts the reproductive Health on the mothers and fathers for the reason that their offspring usually tend to survive and reproduce. Paternal treatment increases offspring survival because of increased entry to larger high quality foods and lessened Actual physical and immunological threats.[89] This is particularly helpful for individuals considering that offspring are dependent on mom and dad for extended periods of time and mothers have somewhat small inter-delivery intervals.[ninety]
The consequences of testosterone in humans and also other vertebrates take place by way of a number of mechanisms: by activation of your androgen receptor (straight or as dihydrotestosterone), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of specified estrogen receptors.
Usually, androgens for example testosterone market protein synthesis and thus growth of tissues with androgen receptors.[sixteen] Testosterone is usually referred to as owning anabolic and androgenic (virilising) results, while these categorical descriptions are fairly arbitrary, as There exists a lot of mutual overlap in between them.[17] The relative potency of those results can rely upon a variety of elements and is also a topic of ongoing analysis.
睾酮# · 双氢睾酮 · 氟羟甲基睾酮 · 甲二氢睾酮 · 甲睾酮 · 另见同化類固醇
层次（皮肤 · 肉膜 · 精索外筋膜 · 提睾肌／提睾肌筋膜 · 精索内筋膜 · 会阴缝）
用于多种男性性激素不足的状况 隐睾症、性腺功能减退症、阳痿及男性更年期。
Testosterone effects can be categorised through the age of regular incidence. For postnatal consequences in the two males and females, they're typically dependent on the amounts and length of circulating no cost testosterone.[20]
Testosterone could also only exaggerate or amplify current aggression; as an example, chimpanzees who acquire testosterone boosts turn out to be far more intense to chimps reduced than them while in the social hierarchy, but will nevertheless be submissive to chimps greater than them. Testosterone So will not make the chimpanzee indiscriminately intense, but in its place amplifies his pre-current aggression to lessen-ranked chimps.[129]
[147] The nexalin T-receptor or DHT-receptor sophisticated undergoes a structural change that permits it to maneuver to the cell nucleus and bind directly to unique nucleotide sequences on the chromosomal DNA. The parts of binding are named hormone reaction aspects (HREs), and impact transcriptional action of sure genes, making the androgen consequences.
在其他脊索動物的組織內也會有雄激素受體，而雄性及雌性對睪酮的反應也相當一致。在出生前雄性與雌性的睪酮劑量的差異，會導致在青春期或整個生命上的生物差異。
概括地说，雄激素助长蛋白质的合成及拥有雄激素受体的组织的生长，睾酮的效用可以分为合成代谢及雄性化效应。合成代谢效应包括肌肉质量及力量的增长、增加骨质密度及强度、刺激线性生长及骨骼成熟等。雄性化效应则包括性器官的成熟（尤其是阴茎及胎儿阴囊的生成）、出生后（通常是在青春期）声线的转沉、胡须及体毛的生长等。这些效应一般都是男性的第二性征。
精原细胞 · 精母细胞发生 · 精母细胞 · 精细胞发生 · 精细胞 · 精子形成 · 精子